Impact of a Supervised Twelve-Week Combined Physical Training Program in Heart Failure Patients: A Randomized Trial.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of supervised combined physical training and unsupervised physician-prescribed regular exercise on the functional capacity and quality of life of heart failure patients. METHODS: This is a longitudinal prospective study composed of 28 consecutive heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients randomly divided into two age- and gender-matched groups: trained group (n = 17) and nontrained group (n = 11). All patients were submitted to clinical evaluation, transthoracic echocardiography, the Cooper walk test, and a Quality of Life questionnaire before and after a 12-week study protocol. Categorical variables were expressed as proportions and compared with the chi-square test. Two-way ANOVA was performed to compare the continuous variables considering the cofactor groups and time of intervention, and Pearson correlation tests were conducted for the associations in the same group. RESULTS: No significant differences between groups were found at baseline. At the end of the protocol, there were improvements in the functional capacity and ejection fraction of the trained group in relation to the nontrained group (p < 0.05). There was time and group interaction for improvement in the quality of life in the trained group. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, supervised combined physical training improved exercise tolerance and quality of life compared with the unsupervised regular exercise prescribed in routine medical consultations. Left ventricular systolic function was improved with supervised physical training.

Acute doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is associated with matrix metalloproteinase-2 alterations in rats.

BACKGROUND: Doxorubicin can cause cardiotoxicity. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are responsible for degrading extracellular matrix components which play a role in ventricular dilation. Increased MMP activity occurs after chronic doxorubicin treatment. In this study we evaluated in vivo and in vitro cardiac function in rats with acute doxorubicin treatment, and examined myocardial MMP and inflammatory activation, and gene expression of proteins involved in myocyte calcium transients. METHODS: Wistar rats were injected with doxorubicin (Doxo, 20 mg/kg) or saline (Control). Echocardiogram was performed 48 h after treatment. Myocardial function was assessed in vitro in Langendorff preparation. RESULTS: In left ventricle, doxorubicin impaired fractional shortening (Control 0.59 ± 0.07; Doxo 0.51 ± 0.05; p < 0.001), and increased isovolumetric relaxation time (Control 20.3 ± 4.3; Doxo 24.7 ± 4.2 ms; p = 0.007) and myocardial passive stiffness. MMP-2 activity, evaluated by zymography, was increased in Doxo (Control 141338 ± 8924; Doxo 188874 ± 7652 arbitrary units; p < 0.001). There were no changes in TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-10, and ICAM-1 myocardial levels. Expression of phospholamban, Serca-2a, and ryanodine receptor did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION: Acute doxorubicin administration induces in vivo left ventricular dysfunction and in vitro increased myocardial passive stiffness in rats. Cardiac dysfunction is related to myocardial MMP-2 activation. Increased inflammatory stimulation or changed expression of the proteins involved in intracellular calcium transients is not involved in acute cardiac dysfunction.

Antidepressant treatment decreases daily salt intake and prevents heart dysfunction following subchronic aortic regurgitation in rats.

Depression is a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with heart failure. Selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may improve these outcomes. Left ventricular volume overload induced hypertrophy that is associated with aortic regurgitation (AR) leads to ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of the SSRI paroxetine on cardiac function, as well as on fluid intake and excretion, in subchronic AR. Male Wistar rats (260 to 280g) received sham (SH) surgery or AR induced by retrograde puncture of the aortic valve leaflets. The presence of AR was confirmed by echocardiography (ECHO) exams. Four weeks after AR surgery, subcutaneous injections of paroxetine (PAR: 10mg/kg 3 times in a week) or saline were administered. The rats were randomly divided into the following 4 groups and treated for 4 weeks: AR-PAR, ARsaline, SH-PAR and SH-saline. At the end of the treatment period, fractional shortening was preserved in AR-PAR, compared to AR-saline (46.6±2.7% vs 38.3±2.2%, respectively). Daily 0.3 M NaCl intake was reduced in PAR-treated rats. Natriuresis was increased in weeks 2-3 after PAR treatment. Our results suggest that augmentation of central 5-HT neurotransmission has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular remodeling following volume overload. The mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown.

Association between sleep quality and quality of life in nursing professionals working rotating shifts.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between sleep quality and quality of life of nursing professionals according to their work schedules. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted between January and December 2010, with 264 nursing professionals, drawn from 989 subjects at Botucatu General Hospital and stratified by professional category. The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index and the WHOQOL-bref were administered to evaluate sleep quality and quality of life, respectively. Self-reported demographic data were collected with a standard form. Continuous variables were reported as means and standard deviations, and categorical variables were expressed as proportions. Associations were evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficient. The association of night-shift work and gender with sleep disturbance was evaluated by logistic regression analysis using a model adjusted for age and considering sleep disturbance the dependent variable. The level of significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS: Night-shift work was associated with severe worsening of at least one component of sleep quality in the model adjusted for age (OR = 1.91; 95%CI 1.04;3.50; p = 0.036). Female gender was associated with sleep disturbance (OR = 3.40; 95%CI 1.37;8.40; p = 0.008). Quality of life and quality of sleep were closely correlated (R = -0.56; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Characteristics of the nursing profession affect sleep quality and quality of life, and these two variables are associated.

Association between sleep quality and quality of life in nursing professionals working rotating shifts / Associação entre qualidade do sono e qualidade de vida de profissionais de enfermagem que trabalham em turnos

OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between sleep quality and quality of life of nursing professionals according to their work schedules. METHODS A prospective, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted between January and December 2010, with 264 nursing professionals, drawn from 989 subjects at Botucatu General Hospital and stratified by professional category. The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index and the WHOQOL-bref were administered to evaluate sleep quality and quality of life, respectively. Self-reported demographic data were collected with a standard form. Continuous variables were reported as means and standard deviations, and categorical variables were expressed as proportions. Associations were evaluated using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The association of night-shift work and gender with sleep disturbance was evaluated by logistic regression analysis using a model adjusted for age and considering sleep disturbance the dependent variable. The level of significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS Night-shift work was associated with severe worsening of at least one component of sleep quality in the model adjusted for age (OR = 1.91; 95%CI 1.04;3.50; p = 0.036). Female gender was associated with sleep disturbance (OR = 3.40; 95%CI 1.37;8.40; p = 0.008). Quality of life and quality of sleep were closely correlated (R = -0.56; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Characteristics of the nursing profession affect sleep quality and quality of life, and these two variables are associated. .

OBJETIVO Analisar a associação entre a qualidade do sono e a qualidade de vida dos profissionais de enfermagem segundo organização do trabalho. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, observacional e prospectivo, com 264 profissionais de enfermagem em Botucatu, SP, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2010. Os sujeitos foram sorteados entre os 989 indivíduos que trabalhavam no Hospital Geral de Botucatu e estratificados por categoria profissional. O Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh e o WHOQOL-bref foram aplicados para avaliar qualidade do sono e qualidade de vida, respectivamente. Os dados demográficos foram coletados por meio de formulário padrão. Variáveis contínuas foram apresentadas como média e desvio padrão e variáveis categóricas, como proporções. As associações foram avaliadas por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. As associações entre turno e sexo com a qualidade do sono foram analisadas por meio de regressão logística, no modelo corrigido para idade. Distúrbio do sono foi a variável dependente. O nível de significância adotado foi p < 0,05. RESULTADOS Trabalho noturno foi associado com prejuízo importante de pelo menos um componente da qualidade do sono (OR = 1,91; IC95% 1,04;3,50, p = 0,036). O prejuízo da qualidade do sono também se associou com o sexo feminino (OR = 3,40; IC95% 1,37;8,40; p = 0,008). Houve correlação estreita entre a qualidade de vida e qualidade do sono (r = -0,56, p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES Características próprias da profissão de enfermagem podem afetar a qualidade do sono e a qualidade de vida, e essas duas variáveis estão associadas entre si. .

Diastolic function and functional capacity after a single session of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with compensated heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: The effects of acute continuous positive airway pressure therapy on left ventricular diastolic function and functional capacity in patients with compensated systolic heart failure remain unclear. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial included 43 patients with heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction <0.50 who were in functional classes I-III according to the New York Heart Association criteria. Twenty-three patients were assigned to continuous positive airway pressure therapy (10 cmH2O), while 20 patients received placebo with null pressure for 30 minutes. All patients underwent a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and Doppler echocardiography before and immediately after intervention. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01088854. RESULTS: The groups had similar clinical and echocardiographic baseline variables. Variation in the diastolic function index (e') after intervention was associated with differences in the distance walked in both groups. However, in the continuous positive airway pressure group, this difference was greater (continuous positive airway pressure group: Δ6MWT = 9.44+16.05×Δe', p = 0.002; sham group: Δ6MWT = 7.49+5.38×Δe'; p = 0.015). There was a statistically significant interaction between e' index variation and continuous positive airway pressure for the improvement of functional capacity (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous positive airway pressure does not acurately change the echocardiographic indexes of left ventricle systolic or diastolic function in patients with compensated systolic heart failure. However, 30-minute continuous positive airway pressure therapy appears to have an effect on left ventricular diastolic function by increasing functional capacity.

Left ventricular sphericity index predicts systolic dysfunction in rats with experimental aortic regurgitation.

Although an increased left ventricular (LV) diastolic diameter (DD) and a decreased ejection fraction have been used as markers for the surgical replacement of an insufficient aortic valve, these signals may be observed when irreversible myocardium damage has already occurred. The aim of this study was to determine whether change in LV geometry predicts systolic dysfunction in experimental aortic regurgitation. Male Wistar rats underwent surgical acute aorta regurgitation (aorta regurgitation group; n = 23) or a sham operation (sham group; n = 12). After the procedure, serial transthoracic echocardiograms were performed at 1, 4, 8, and 16 wk. At the end of protocol, the LV, lungs, and liver were dissected and weighed. During the follow-up, no animal developed overt heart failure. There was a correlation between the LV sphericity index and reduced fractional shortening (P < 0.001) over time. A multiple regression model showed that the LVDD-sphericity index association at 8 wk was a better predictor of decreased fractional shortening at week 16 (R(2) = 0.50; P < 0.001) than was the LVDD alone (R(2) = 0.39; P = 0.001). LV geometry associated with increased LVDD improved the prediction of systolic dysfunction in experimental aortic regurgitation.

Diastolic function and functional capacity after a single session of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with compensated heart failure

OBJECTIVE: The effects of acute continuous positive airway pressure therapy on left ventricular diastolic function and functional capacity in patients with compensated systolic heart failure remain unclear. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial included 43 patients with heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction <0.50 who were in functional classes I-III according to the New York Heart Association criteria. Twenty-three patients were assigned to continuous positive airway pressure therapy (10 cmH2O), while 20 patients received placebo with null pressure for 30 minutes. All patients underwent a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and Doppler echocardiography before and immediately after intervention. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01088854. RESULTS: The groups had similar clinical and echocardiographic baseline variables. Variation in the diastolic function index (e′) after intervention was associated with differences in the distance walked in both groups. However, in the continuous positive airway pressure group, this difference was greater (continuous positive airway pressure group: Δ6MWT = 9.44+16.05×Δe′, p = 0.002; sham group: Δ6MWT = 7.49+5.38×Δe′; p = 0.015). There was a statistically significant interaction between e′ index variation and continuous positive airway pressure for the improvement of functional capacity (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous positive airway pressure does not acurately change the echocardiographic indexes of left ventricle systolic or diastolic function in patients with compensated systolic heart failure. However, 30-minute continuous positive airway pressure therapy appears to have an effect on left ventricular diastolic function by increasing functional capacity. .

Predictors of beta-blocker intolerance and mortality in patients after acute coronary syndrome.

PURPOSE: To investigate the predictors of intolerance to beta-blockers treatment and the 6-month mortality in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: This was a single-center, prospective, and longitudinal study including 370 consecutive ACS patients in Killip class I or II. BBs were prescribed according to international guidelines and withdrawn if intolerance occurred. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee of our university. STATISTICS: the clinical parameters evaluated at admission, and the related intolerance to BBs and death at 6 months were analyzed using logistic regression (p<0.05)in PATIENTS. RESULTS: BB intolerance was observed in 84 patients and was associated with no prior use of statins (OR: 2.16, 95%CI: 1.26-3.69, p= 0.005) and Killip class II (OR: 2.5, 95%CI: 1.30-4.75, p=0.004) in the model adjusted for age, sex, blood pressure, and renal function. There was no association with ST-segment alteration or left anterior descending coronary artery plaque. Intolerance to BB was associated with the greatest risk of death (OR: 4.5, 95%CI: 2.15-9.40, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: After ACS, intolerance to BBs in the first 48 h of admission was associated to non previous use of statin and Killip class II and had a high risk of death within 6 months.

Anemia, heart failure and evidence-based clinical management.

Anemia is a prevalent comorbidity and marker of a poorer prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). Its clinical relevance, as well as its pathophysiology and the clinical management of these patients are important subjects in the specialized literature. In the present review, we describe the current concepts on the pathophysiology of anemia in HF, its diagnostic criteria, and the recommendations for iron supplementation. Also, we make a critical analysis of the major studies showing evidences on the benefits of this supplementation. The four main components of anemia are addressed: chronic disease, dilutional, "renal" and malabsorption. In patients with HF, the diagnostic criteria are the same as those used in the general population: serum ferritin levels lower than 30 mcg/L in patients without kidney diseases and lower than 100 mcg/L or serum ferritin levels between 100-299 mcg/L with transferring saturation lower than 20% in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Finally, the therapeutic possibilities for anemia in this specific patient population are discussed.

Anemia, insuficiência cardíaca e manejo clínico baseado em evidências / Anemia, heart failure and evidence-based clinical management

A anemia é uma comorbidade prevalente e marcadora de pior prognóstico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Sua relevância clínica, bem como a fisiopatologia e abordagem terapêutica nesses pacientes são temas de destaque na literatura especializada. Nessa revisão são descritos os conceitos atuais sobre a fisiopatologia da anemia na IC, os critérios diagnósticos e as indicações da suplementação de ferro, ao mesmo tempo em que são analisados criticamente os principais estudos que ofereceram evidências sobre os benefícios dessa suplementação. São abordados os quatro componentes principais da anemia: doença crônica, dilucional, "renal" e disabsortiva. Nos pacientes com IC, os critérios para o diagnóstico são os mesmos utilizados na população geral: níveis de ferritina sérica inferiores a 30 mcg/L em pacientes não nefropatas e menores que 100 mcg/L ou ferritina sérica entre 100-299 mcg/L com saturação de transferrina menor que 20% em pacientes com doença renal crônica. Finalmente, são discutidas as possibilidades terapêuticas da anemia nessa população específica de pacientes.

Anemia is a prevalent comorbidity and marker of a poorer prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). Its clinical relevance, as well as its pathophysiology and the clinical management of these patients are important subjects in the specialized literature. In the present review, we describe the current concepts on the pathophysiology of anemia in HF, its diagnostic criteria, and the recommendations for iron supplementation. Also, we make a critical analysis of the major studies showing evidences on the benefits of this supplementation. The four main components of anemia are addressed: chronic disease, dilutional, "renal" and malabsorption. In patients with HF, the diagnostic criteria are the same as those used in the general population: serum ferritin levels lower than 30 mcg/L in patients without kidney diseases and lower than 100 mcg/L or serum ferritin levels between 100-299 mcg/L with transferring saturation lower than 20% in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Finally, the therapeutic possibilities for anemia in this specific patient population are discussed.

Disproportionate pregnancy-induced myocardial hypertrophy in women with essential hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy and arterial hypertension (AH) have a prohypertrophic effect on the heart. It is suspected that the 2 conditions combined cause disproportionate myocardial hypertrophy. We sought to evaluate myocardial hypertrophy (LVH) and left ventricular function in normotensive and hypertensive women in the presence or absence of pregnancy. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study included 193 women divided into 4 groups: hypertensive pregnant (HTP; n = 57), normotensive pregnant (NTP; n = 47), hypertensive nonpregnant (HTNP; n = 41), and normotensive nonpregnant (NTNP; n = 48). After clinical and echocardiographic evaluation, the variables were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance with pregnancy and hypertension as factors. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was compared using nonparametric analysis of variance and Dunn's test. Predictors of LVH and diastolic dysfunction were analyzed using logistic regression (significance level, P < 0.05). RESULTS: Myocardial hypertrophy was independently associated with hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 11.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.2-38.5; P < 0.001) and pregnancy (OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 2.6-14.3; P < 0.001) in a model adjusted for age and body mass index. Nonpregnant women were at greater risk of LVH in the presence of AH (OR = 25.3, 95% CI = 3.15-203.5; P = 0.002). The risk was additionally increased in hypertensive women during pregnancy (OR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.7-10.9; P = 0.002) in the model adjusted for stroke volume and antihypertensive medication. Although none of the NTNP women presented with diastolic dysfunction, it was observed in 2% of the NTP women, 29% of the HTNP women, and 42% of the HTP women (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension and pregnancy have a synergistic effect on ventricular remodeling, which elevates a woman's risk of myocardial hypertrophy.

Acurácia da radiografia de tórax associada a eletrocardiograma no diagnóstico de hipertrofia em hipertensos / Accuracy of chest radiography plus electrocardiogram in diagnosis of hypertrophy in hypertension

FUNDAMENTO: A radiografia de tórax e o eletrocardiograma (ECG) tem sido criticados em razão de sua baixa sensibilidade no diagnóstico da Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda (HVE) quando comparada ao ecocardiograma. Entretanto, esse exame não está disponível nos centros de atendimento primário para toda a população de hipertensos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a radiografia de tórax associada ao eletrocardiograma apresenta acurácia que justifique seu uso na detecção de HVE em hipertensos, bem como a utilidade do índice cardiotorácico e das radiografias oblíquas na avaliação das dimensões das câmaras cardíacas esquerdas. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo realizado em 177 pacientes hipertensos consecutivos, através da radiografia do tórax, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma. Testes de acurácia foram utilizados para comparar esses métodos utilizando a ecocardiografia convencional como padrão de referência. RESULTADOS: O índice cardiotorácico mostrou sensibilidade de 17% para o diagnóstico de HVE, somente detectando alterações cardíacas mais acentuadas. As incidências póstero-anterior e perfil tiveram sensibilidade de 52%, aumentando para 54% quando a radiografia de tórax foi associada ao eletrocardiograma. As incidências oblíquas não melhoraram significativamente a acurácia da radiografia de tórax que, por sua vez, apresentou alta especificidade e boa sensibilidade para a detecção do aumento da aorta. Foi interessante notar que essa alteração estava presente em metade dos hipertensos com HVE. CONCLUSÃO: A associação da radiografia de tórax com eletrocardiograma é útil na avaliação inicial de hipertensos para o diagnóstico de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, especialmente se a ecocardiografia não estiver disponível. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0).

BACKGROUND: Chest radiography and electrocardiogram have been criticized due to their low sensitivity for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy diagnosis compared to echocardiogram. This one, however, is not available in primary health care centers to all hypertensive population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the association chest radiography-electrocardiogram provides the accuracy to justify its use in left ventricular hypertrophy detection in hypertensive patients, as well as the usefulness of the cardiothoracic ratio and oblique radiographs in relation to frontal and lateral views in evaluating dimensions of left cardiac chambers. METHODS: This was a prospective study including 177 consecutive hypertensive patients through chest radiography, electrocardiogram and echocardiography. Accuracy test was used to compare these methods using echocardiography as gold standard. RESULTS: The cardiothoracic ratio showed 17% sensitivity for detection of left ventricular hypertrophy, only indicating cardiac alterations at an advanced stage. Frontal plus lateral views showed sensitivity of 52%, which rose to 54% when chest radiography was associated with electrocardiogram. The oblique views did not significantly improve chest radiography accuracy. Chest radiography presented high specificity and elevated sensitivity for detection of aortal enlargement. Interestingly, this alteration was present in half of the hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the association chest radiography-electrocardiogram is useful for the screening of hypertensive patients for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy, especially if echocardiogram is unavailable. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0).

Could albumin level explain the higher mortality in hemodialysis patients with pulmonary hypertension?

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in hemodialysis is still unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with the presence of PH in chronic hemodialysis patients and to verify whether these factors might explain the highest mortality among them. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of hemodialysis patients who started treatment from August 2001 to October 2007 and were followed up until April 2011 in a Brazilian referral medical school. According to the results of echocardiography examination, patients were allocated in two groups: those with PH and those without PH. Clinical parameters, site and type of vascular access, bioimpedance, and laboratorial findings were compared between the groups and a logistic regression model was elaborated. Actuarial survival curves were constructed and hazard risk to death was evaluated by Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: PH > 35 mmHg was found in 23 (30.6%) of the 75 patients studied. The groups differed in extracellular water, ventricular thickness, left atrium diameter, and ventricular filling. In a univariate analysis, extracellular water was associated with PH (relative risk = 1.194; 95% CI of 1.006 - 1.416; p = 0.042); nevertheless, in a multiple model, only left atrium enlargement was independently associated with PH (relative risk =1.172; 95% CI of 1.010 - 1.359; p = 0.036). PH (hazard risk = 3.008; 95% CI of 1.285 - 7.043; p = 0.011) and age (hazard risk of 1.034 per year of age; 95% CI of 1.000 - 7.068; p = 0.047) were significantly associated with mortality in a multiple Cox regression analysis. However, when albumin was taken in account the only statistically significant association was between albumin level and mortality (hazard risk = 0.342 per g/dL; 95% CI of 0.119 - 0.984; p = 0.047) while the presence of PH lost its statistical significance (p = 0.184). Mortality was higher in patients with PH (47.8% vs 25%) who also had a statistically worse survival after the sixth year of follow up. CONCLUSIONS: PH in hemodialysis patients is associated with parameters of volume overload that sheds light on its pathophysiology. Mortality is higher in hemodialysis patients with PH and the low albumin level can explain this association.

Accuracy of chest radiography plus electrocardiogram in diagnosis of hypertrophy in hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Chest radiography and electrocardiogram have been criticized due to their low sensitivity for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy diagnosis compared to echocardiogram. This one, however, is not available in primary health care centers to all hypertensive population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the association chest radiography-electrocardiogram provides the accuracy to justify its use in left ventricular hypertrophy detection in hypertensive patients, as well as the usefulness of the cardiothoracic ratio and oblique radiographs in relation to frontal and lateral views in evaluating dimensions of left cardiac chambers. METHODS: This was a prospective study including 177 consecutive hypertensive patients through chest radiography, electrocardiogram and echocardiography. Accuracy test was used to compare these methods using echocardiography as gold standard. RESULTS: The cardiothoracic ratio showed 17% sensitivity for detection of left ventricular hypertrophy, only indicating cardiac alterations at an advanced stage. Frontal plus lateral views showed sensitivity of 52%, which rose to 54% when chest radiography was associated with electrocardiogram. The oblique views did not significantly improve chest radiography accuracy. Chest radiography presented high specificity and elevated sensitivity for detection of aortal enlargement. Interestingly, this alteration was present in half of the hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the association chest radiography-electrocardiogram is useful for the screening of hypertensive patients for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy, especially if echocardiogram is unavailable.

Ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients with low educational level.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy is a strong predictor of mortality in chronic kidney patients. A previous study of our group has shown that chronic kidney patients with low educational level has more severe ventricular hypertrophy. OBJECTIVE: To extend a previous study and to assess whether left ventricular hypertrophy can explain the association between schooling and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: This study assessed 113 patients from January 2005 to March 2008 and followed them up until October 2010. Survival curves were built to compare all-cause and cardiovascular mortality of patients with up to three years of schooling (median schooling) and those with schooling of four years and over. Cox multiple models were built and adjusted to confounding variables. RESULTS: Association between educational level and ventricular hypertrophy was observed. Statistical difference in all-cause and cardiovascular mortality between the different educational levels was observed at 5.5 years of follow-up. In the Cox model, ventricular hypertrophy and C-reactive protein associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The etiology of kidney failure associated with all-cause mortality, and creatinine associated with cardiovascular mortality. The association between educational level and mortality lost statistical significance in the adjusted model. CONCLUSION: The results of this study confirm those of a previous study. In addition, they show that the higher cardiovascular mortality observed in patients with low educational level can be explained by risk factors of biochemical and cardiac morphological origin.

Hipertrofia ventricular e mortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes de hemodiálise de baixo nível educacional / Ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients with low educational level / Hipertrofia ventricular y mortalidad cardiovascular en pacientes de hemodiálisis de bajo nivel educativo

FUNDAMENTO: A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda é potente preditor de mortalidade em renais crônicos. Estudo prévio de nosso grupo mostrou que renais crônicos com menor escolaridade têm hipertrofia ventricular mais intensa. OBJETIVO: Ampliar estudo prévio e verificar se a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda pode justificar a associação entre escolaridade e mortalidade cardiovascular de pacientes em hemodiálise. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 113 pacientes entre janeiro de 2005 e março de 2008 e seguidos até outubro de 2010. Foram traçadas curvas de sobrevida comparando a mortalidade cardiovascular, e por todas as causas dos pacientes com escolaridade de até três anos (mediana da escolaridade) e pacientes com escolaridade igual ou superior a quatro anos. Foram construídos modelos múltiplos de Cox ajustados para as variáveis de confusão. RESULTADOS: Observou-se associação entre nível de escolaridade e hipertrofia ventricular. A diferença estatística de mortalidade de origem cardiovascular e por todas as causas entre os diferentes níveis de escolaridade ocorreu aos cinco anos e meio de seguimento. No modelo de Cox, a hipertrofia ventricular e a proteína-C reativa associaram-se à mortalidade por todas as causas e de origem cardiovascular. A etiologia da insuficiência renal associou-se à mortalidade por todas as causas e a creatinina associou-se à mortalidade de origem cardiovascular. A associação entre escolaridade e mortalidade perdeu significância estatística no modelo ajustado. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados do presente trabalho confirmam estudo prévio e demonstram, ademais, que a maior mortalidade cardiovascular observada nos pacientes com menor escolaridade pôde ser explicada por fatores de risco de ordem bioquímica e de morfologia cardíaca.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy is a strong predictor of mortality in chronic kidney patients. A previous study of our group has shown that chronic kidney patients with low educational level has more severe ventricular hypertrophy. OBJECTIVE: To extend a previous study and to assess whether left ventricular hypertrophy can explain the association between schooling and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: This study assessed 113 patients from January 2005 to March 2008 and followed them up until October 2010. Survival curves were built to compare all-cause and cardiovascular mortality of patients with up to three years of schooling (median schooling) and those with schooling of four years and over. Cox multiple models were built and adjusted to confounding variables. RESULTS: Association between educational level and ventricular hypertrophy was observed. Statistical difference in all-cause and cardiovascular mortality between the different educational levels was observed at 5.5 years of follow-up. In the Cox model, ventricular hypertrophy and C-reactive protein associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The etiology of kidney failure associated with all-cause mortality, and creatinine associated with cardiovascular mortality. The association between educational level and mortality lost statistical significance in the adjusted model. CONCLUSION: The results of this study confirm those of a previous study. In addition, they show that the higher cardiovascular mortality observed in patients with low educational level can be explained by risk factors of biochemical and cardiac morphological origin.

FUNDAMENTO: La hipertrofia ventricular izquierda es potente predictor de mortalidad en renales crónicos. Estudio previo de nuestro grupo mostró que renales crónicos con menor escolaridad tienen hipertrofia ventricular más intensa. OBJETIVO: Ampliar estudio previo y verificar si la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda puede justificar la asociación entre escolaridad y mortalidad cardiovascular de pacientes en hemodiálisis. MÉTODOS: Fueron evaluados 113 pacientes entre enero de 2005 y marzo de 2008 y seguidos hasta octubre de 2010. Fueron trazadas curvas de sobrevida comparando la mortalidad cardiovascular, y por todas las causas de los pacientes con escolaridad de hasta tres años (mediana de la escolaridad) y pacientes con escolaridad igual o superior a cuatro años. Fueron construidos modelos múltiples de Cox ajustados para las variables de confusión. RESULTADOS: Se observó asociación entre nivel de escolaridad e hipertrofia ventricular. La diferencia estadística de mortalidad de origen cardiovascular y por todas las causas entre los diferentes niveles de escolaridad ocurrió a los cinco años y medio de seguimiento. En el modelo de Cox, la hipertrofia ventricular y la proteína-C reactiva se asociaron a la mortalidad por todas las causas y de origen cardiovascular. La etiología de la insuficiencia renal se asoció a la mortalidad por todas las causas y la creatinina se asoció a la mortalidad de origen cardiovascular. La asociación entre escolaridad y mortalidad perdió significación estadística en el modelo ajustado. CONCLUSÓN: Los resultados del presente trabajo confirman estudio previo y demuestran, además, que la mayor mortalidad cardiovascular observada en los pacientes con menor escolaridad puede ser explicada por factores de riesgo de orden bioquímico y de morfología cardíaca.

Markers of uremia and pericardial effusion in peritoneal dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Inadequate dialysis causes accumulation of toxic residues that may lead to the development of dialysis-associated pericardial effusion, but several other factors could be associated with this abnormality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical risk factors to asymptomatic pericardial effusion in peritoneal dialysis. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 34 patients aged ≥ 18 years on peritoneal dialysis for at least 3 months, who showed no symptomatic pericardial effusion, hepatic cirrhosis, neoplasias, lupus or amputations, none in minoxidil use. Asymptomatic pericardial effusion was diagnosed by echocardiography. Risk factors were evaluated by logistic regression and Roc curve. Significance level was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Patient age was 51 ± 15.9 years. Of the 34 patients enrolled, 16 were men and 11 diabetic. Five of them presented pericardial effusion. Logistic regression identifies low hemoglobin level (RR 0.454 CI 95%: 0.225-0.913; P = 0.027), low phase angle (RR 0.236 CI 95%: 0.057-0.984; P = 0.048) and low Kt/V (RR 0.001 CI 95%: 0.0-0.492; P = 0.03) as risk factors to pericardial effusion. Roc curve showed that hemoglobin levels below 12.2 g/dL, Kt/V lower than 1.9 and phase angle lower than 4.5° were the best cutoffs to predict pericardial effusion. Four patients showed these three parameters in the unfavorable range, and all these four patients presented pericardial effusion. The other patient with pericardial effusion had two of these parameters reduced. CONCLUSIONS: These findings corroborate the hypothesis that uremia plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of dialysis-associated pericardial effusion.

Pericardite aguda e crônica / Acute and chronic pericarditis

A pericardite é a forma mais comum das doenças do pericárdio e pode se apresentar nas formas aguda e crônica. Frequentemente é idiopática e de evolução benigna. Quando não, as causas mais comuns são tuberculose, neoplasias malignas e doenças autoimunes. O diagnóstico clínico requer a presença de dor precordial típica, atrito pericárdico, elevação difusa do segmento ST e derrame pericárdico. Os exames laboratoriais incluem: ECG, ecocardiograma, RX do tórax e marcadores de inflamação e necrose miocárdica Procedimentos adicionais e internação devem ser considerados para o pacientes de maior risco. Os marcadores de risco são febre >38ºC, evolução subaguda, derrame pericárdico volumoso ou tamponamento cardíaco e ausência de resposta ao tratamento com anti-inflamatórios. O tratamento da pericardite deve ser focar a causa específica, quando identificável. Genericamente, usa-se aspirina ou anti-inflamatórios não hormonais para os casos de etiologia viral ou idiopáticos. A colchicina pode ser útil como droga adicional nos casos recorrentes. A pericardiocentese está indicada nos pacientes com tamponamento cardíaco, quando há chance elevada de tuberculose, pericardite purulenta ou neoplasia. A pericardiectomia fica reservada para os casos de pericardite constrictiva crônica.

Pericarditis is the most common form of pericardial diseases and most of the cases are idiopathic and and follow a benign course. Major nonidiopathic etiologies include tuberculosis, neoplasia and autoimmune diseases.The clinical diagnosis is confirmed when the following criteria are present: typical chest pain, pericardial friction rub, widespread ST-segment elevation, and pericardial effusion. Tests for pericarditis include ECG, echocardiogram, chest radiography and inflammation markers. High-risk patients need tests for etiology search and hospitalization. High-risk patients present fever >38oC, a subacute course, large pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade and/or failure of antiinflammatory drugs.Treatment should target the specific etiology, if known. Generically, aspirin or a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug is used for treatment of viral and idiopathic pericarditis. Colchicine is recommended as adjunct therapy for recurrent events. Pericardiocentesis is indicated for cardiac tamponade, high suspicion of tuberculosis, purulent pericarditis or neoplasia. Pericardiectomy is recommended for persistent constriction.